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The Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946) was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. During World War II, von Galen led Catholic protest against Nazi euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and the persecution of the church. He was appointed a Cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946. He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. Born into the German aristocracy, von Galen received part of his education in Austria from the Jesuits at the Stella Matutina School in the town of Feldkirch, on the Austrian border with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. After his ordination he worked in Berlin at Saint Matthias. He intensely disliked the liberal values of the Weimar Republic and opposed individualism, socialism, and democracy. After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism. A staunch German nationalist and patriot, he considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust and viewed Bolshevism as a threat to Germany and the Church. He espoused the stab-in-the-back theory: that the German military was defeated in 1918 only because it had been undermined by defeatist elements on the home front. He expressed his opposition to modernity in his book ''Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen'' (The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression) (1932). While supporting the aims of the National Socialist government associated with German nationalism, von Galen began to criticize Hitler's movement in 1934. He condemned the Nazi ''worship of race'' in a pastoral letter on 29 January 1934. He assumed responsibility for the publication of a collection of essays that criticized the Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg and defended the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft Pope Pius XI's 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical ''Mit brennender Sorge'' (''With Burning Concern''). In 1941 he delivered three sermons in which denounced the arrest of Jesuits, the confiscation of church property, attacks on the Church, and in the third, the euthanising of invalids. The sermons were illegally circulated in print, inspiring some German Resistance groups, including the White Rose. ==Early years== Von Galen belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished noble families of Westphalia,〔(Von Galen Family )〕 and was born in the Catholic southern part of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (Oldenburger Münsterland, about 50 miles east of the German border with the Netherlands), on the Burg Dinklage, now in the state of Lower Saxony. The von Galen name had a presence in the region since 1667, when Christoph Bernhard von Galen was named the first bishop of Münster after suppressing the Anabaptists, "leaving the bodies of the ''heretics'' to rot in cages lining the city's gates."〔''Bishop von Galen'', Beth A.Griech-Polelle, p. 9〕 Clemens August was the eleventh of thirteen children, the son of Count Ferdinand Heribert von Galen, a member of the Imperial German parliament (the Reichstag) for the Catholic Centre Party, and Elisabeth von Spee.〔Heinrich Portmann, ''Kardinal von Galen Aschendorff'', Münster, Westfalen, 1948, 9–35〕 Until 1890, Clemens August and his brother Franz were tutored at home. At a time when the Jesuits were still not permitted in Münster, he received his main schooling at a Jesuit School, Stella Matutina in the Vorarlberg, Austria, where only Latin was spoken. He was not an easy student to teach, and his Jesuit superior wrote to his parents: "Infallibility is the main problem with Clemens, who under no circumstance will admit that he may be wrong. It is always his teachers and educators who are wrong.〔Maria Anna Zumholz, ''Die Tradition meines Hauses. Zur Prägung Clemens August Graf von Galens in Elternhaus, Schule und Universität.'' In Joachim Kuropka (Hrsg.): ''Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von Münster.'' Regensberg, Münster 1992, S. 18, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0.〕 Because Prussia did not recognize the Stella Matutina academy, Clemens returned home in 1894 to attend a public school in Vechta and by 1896 both Clemens and Franz had passed the examinations that qualified them to attend a university. Upon graduation, his fellow students wrote in his yearbook: "Clemens doesn't make love or go drinking, he does not like worldly deceit." In 1896 he went to study at the Catholic University of Freiburg, which had been established in 1886 by the Dominicans, where he encountered the writings of Thomas Aquinas. In 1897 he began to study a variety of topics, including literature, history, and philosophy. One of his teachers was history professor and noted biblical archaeologist Johann Peter Kirsch. Following their first winter semester at Freiburg, Clemens and Fritz visited Rome for three months. At the end of the visit he told Fritz that he had decided to become a priest though he was unsure whether to become a contemplative Benedictine or a Jesuit.〔Griech-Polelle, p. 14〕 In 1899 he met Pope Leo XIII in a private audience. He studied at the Theological Faculty and Convent in Innsbruck, founded in 1669 by the Jesuits, where scholastic philosophy was emphasized, and new concepts and ideas avoided. In 1903 von Galen left Innsbruck to enter the seminary in Münster, and he was ordained a priest on 28 May 1904 by Bishop Hermann Dingelstadt.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20051009_von-galen_en.html )〕 At first he worked for a family member, the Auxiliary Bishop of Münster, as Chaplain.〔Gottfried Hasenkamp: ''Der Kardinal – Taten und Tage des Bischofs von Münster Clemens August Graf von Galen.'' Aschendorff, Münster, 2. Aufl. 1985, ISBN 3-402-05126-5, S. 9 f.〕 Soon he moved to Berlin, where he worked as parish priest at St. Matthias.〔In Joachim Kuropka (Hrsg.): ''Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von Münster.'' Regensberg, Münster 1992, S. 32 f. ISBN 3-7923-0636-0〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clemens August Graf von Galen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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